#BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE

 🇮🇳BOMBAY  STOCK  EXCHANGE  OF  INDIA 🇮🇳

While BSE Ltd is now synonymous with Dalal Street, it was not always so. In 1850s, five stock brokers gathered together under Banyan tree in front of Mumbai Town Hall, where Horniman Circle is now situated.A decade later, the brokers moved their location to another leafy setting, this time under banyan trees at the junction of Meadows Street and what was then called Esplanade Road, now Mahatma Gandhi Road. With a rapid increase in the number of brokers, they had to shift places repeatedly. At last, in 1874, the brokers found a permanent location, the one that they could call their own. The new place was, aptly, called Dalal Street (Brokers' Street). The brokers group became an official organization known as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association" in 1875.

On August 31, 1957, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the Indian government under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act. In 1980, the exchange moved to the Phiroze Jeejeebhoy towers at Dalal street,fort area In 1986, it developed the S&P BSE SENSEX index, giving the BSE a means to measure the overall performance of the exchange. In 2000, the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading S&P BSE SENSEX futures contracts. The development of S&P BSE SENSEX options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002, expanding the BSE's trading platform.

Historically an open outcry floor trading exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to an electronic trading system developed by CMC Ltd. in 1995. It took the exchange only 50 days to make this transition. This automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-Line Trading (BOLT) had a capacity of 8 million orders per day. Now BSE has raised capital by issuing shares and as on 3 May 2017 the BSE share which is traded in NSE only closed with Rs.999 .

The BSE is also a Partner Exchange of a United nations sustainable stock exchange initiative, joining in September 2012.

BSE established India INX on 30 December 2016. India INX is the first international exchange of India.

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#NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE

🇮🇳NATIONAL  STOCK  EXCHANGE  OF  INDIA 🇮🇳

National Stock Exchange of India's Logo

National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) is the leading stock exchange of India , located in Mumbai,Maharashtra. NSE was established in 1992 as the first dematerialized electronic exchange in the country. NSE was the first exchange in the country to provide a modern, fully automated screen-based electronic trading system which offered easy trading facilities to investors spread across the length and breadth of the country. Vikram Limaye is Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer of NSE.

The following products are trading on NIFTY 50 Index in the Indian and international Market:

• 7 Asset Management Companies have launched exchange traded funds(ETF) on NIFTY 50 Index which are listed on NSE
• 15 index funds have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index
• Unit linked products have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index by several insurance companies in India
• World Indices

Derivatives Trading on NIFTY 50 Index:

• Futures and Options trading on NIFTY 50 Index
• Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Singapore Stock Exchange(SGX)
• Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Chicago Mercantile Exchange(CME)

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#BULL VS BEAR

CHARACTERISTICS  OF  MARKET

(Click on text to open)

👉1))BULL MARKET

((Click on text to view)

👉2)BEAR MARKET

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#BEAR MARKETS

 BEAR  MARKET  🐻🐻

What Is a Bear Market?

A bear market is when a market experiences prolonged price declines. It typically describes a condition in which securities prices fall 20% or more from recent highs amid widespread pessimism and negative investor sentiment. Bear markets are often associated with declines in an overall market or index like the nifty 50, but individual securities or commodities can also be considered to be in a bear market if they experience a decline of 20% or more over a sustained period of time—typically two months or more. Bear markets also may accompany general economic downturns such as a recession.

Understanding Bear Markets

Stock prices generally reflect future expectations of cash flows and profits from companies. As growth prospects wane, and expectations are dashed, prices of stocks can decline. Herd behavior, fear, and a rush to protect downside losses can lead to prolonged periods of depressed asset prices.

One definition of a bear market says markets are in bear territory when stocks, on average, fall at least 20% off their high. But 20% is an arbitrary number, just as a 10% decline is an arbitrary benchmark for a correction. Another definition of a bear market is when investors are more risk-averse than risk-seeking. This kind of bear market can last for months or years as investors shun speculation in favor of boring, sure bets.

Phases of a Bear Market

Bear markets usually have four different phases.

1. The first phase is characterized by high prices and high investor sentiment. Towards the end of this phase, investors begin to drop out of the markets and take in profits.
2. In the second phase, stock prices begin to fall sharply, trading activity and corporate profits begin to drop, and economic indicators, that may have once been positive, start to become below average. Some investors begin to panic as sentiment starts to fall. This is referred to as capitulation 
3. The third phase shows traders start to enter the market, consequently raising some prices and trading volume.
4. In the fourth and last phase, stock prices continue to drop, but slowly. As low prices and good news starts to attract investors again, bear markets start to lead to bull markets.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Bear markets occur when prices in a market decline by more than 20%, often accompanied by negative investor sentiment and declining economic prospects.
• Bear markets can be cyclical or longer-term. The former lasts for several weeks or a couple of months and the latter can last for several years or even decades.
• Short selling, put options, and inverse ETFs are some of the ways in which investors can make money during a bear market as prices fall.

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#BULL MARKETS

 BULL MARKETS 🐂🐂

🤔🤔What are bull markets??🤔🤔

✍💡💡A bull market is the condition of a financial market in which prices are rising or are expected to rise. The term "bull market" is most often used to refer to the stock  market but can be applied to anything that is traded, such as bonds, real estate, currencies and commodities. Because prices of securities rise and fall essentially continuously during trading, the term "bull market" is typically reserved for extended periods in which a large portion of security prices are rising. Bull markets tend to last for months or even years.

Understanding Bull Markets

Bull markets are characterized by optimism, investor confidence and expectations that strong results should continue for an extended period of time. It is difficult to predict consistently when the trends in the market might change. Part of the difficulty is that psychological effects and speculation may sometimes play a large role in the markets.

There is no specific and universal metric used to identify a bull market. Nonetheless, perhaps the most common definition of a bull market is a situation in which stock prices rise by 20%, usually after a drop of 20% and before a second 20% decline. Since bull markets are difficult to predict, analysts can typically only recognize this phenomenon after it has happened. A notable bull market in recent history was the period between 2003 and 2007. During this time, the S&P 500 increased by a significant margin after a previous decline; as the 2008 financial crisis took effect, major declines occurred again after the bull market run.

How to Take Advantage of a Bull Market

Investors who want to benefit from a bull market should buy early in order to take advantage of rising prices and sell them when they’ve reached their peak. Although it is hard to determine when the bottom and peak will take place, most losses will be minimal and are usually temporary. Below, we'll explore several prominent strategies investors utilize during bull market periods. However, because it is difficult to assess the state of the market as it exists currently, these strategies involve at least some degree of risk as well.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• A bull market is a period of time in financial markets when the price of an asset or security rises continuously.
• The commonly accepted definition of a bull market is when stock prices rise by 20% after two declines of 20% each.
• Traders employ a variety of strategies, such as increased buy and hold and retracement, to profit off bull markets.

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#IPO(PRIMARY MARKET)

 🤔🤔WHAT IS IPO?🤔🤔

• An initial public offering (IPO) refers to the process of offering shares of a private corporation to the public in a new stock issuance. 
• Companies must meet requirements by exchanges and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to hold an initial public offering (IPO).
• IPOs provide companies with an opportunity to obtain capital by offering shares through the primary market.
• Companies hire investment banks to market, gauge demand, set the IPO price and date, and more.
• An IPO can be seen as an exit strategy for the company’s founders and early investors, realizing the full profit from their private investment.

History of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)

The term initial public offering (IPO) has been a buzzword on Wall Street and among investors for decades. The Dutch are credited with conducting the first modern ipo by offering shares of the Dutch East India Company to the general public. Since then, IPOs have been used as a way for companies to raise capital from public investors through the issuance of public share ownership.

Through the years, IPOs have been known for uptrends and downtrends in issuance. Individual sectors also experience uptrends and downtrends in issuance due to innovation and various other economic factors. Tech IPOs multiplied at the height of the dot com boom as startups without revenues rushed to list themselves on the stock market.

The 2008 financial crisis resulted in a year with the least number of IPOs. After the recession following the 2008 financial crisis, IPOs ground to a halt, and for some years after, new listings were rare. More recently, much of the IPO buzz has moved to a focus on so-called unicorns; startup companies that have reached private valuations of more than $1 billion. Investors and the media heavily speculate on these companies and their decision to go public via an IPO or stay private.

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#SENSEX

🤔🤔WHAT IS SENSEX 30 ??🤔🤔

✍💡The list of all companies that have been included in the BSE SENSEX from its inception in 1986 are listed below. The base year of SENSEX is 1978–79 with a base value of 100. During the introduction of the SENSEX in 1986, some of the companies included in the base calculation in 1979 were removed and new companies were added.

The term Sensex was coined by Deepak Mohoni, a stock market analyst in 1989. BSE Sensitive Index then was at about 750 points. it is a portmanteau of the words Sensitive and Index. 

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